Reviews of Snappers Fish Market - Toronto Seafood Market (Fish Shop)

Michael Dykman

Good selection of fresh fish sundry food items

Roman Trochanowski

The secret of Bloor West Village

Kristopher Stevens

Bought two dozen oysters for Mother’s Day wanting to support a local shop. More than half of them were bad. How does that happen? If someone looks like they’ve been a fishmonger all their life you would think they’d know how to check. I know how to check. It’s not even worth going back to rectify. I won’t be returning and I grudgingly post a negative review.

Michael McMahon

Quality fish at top dollar prices!

Vittorio Accomazzi

Really great place. We shop regularly here and we have been never disappointed ????

Caroline Becker

Freshest fish, great selection, wonderful staff

Stanley Tran

Best fish shop is town

Brea O

I always have the best experience here. The selection is fresh and top quality but the customer service is absolutely phenomenal every single time. See you guys soon!

Sara Scurfield

Great location on a bustling walkable street but you have to be ok with grumpy, short service. Try not to get the main guy if you have any questions. He'll shut you down pretty quick!

Jon Libralesso

Great people and great fish!

Alexa Pereyra

AMAZING QUALITY! The couple who runs the shop are so wonderful! A true gem!

Jay Legue

Quality fish that made for a great dinner. Friendly staff will give you cooking tips if you are not sure of how you want to prepare what you are picking up. They often have sushi grade fish too so if you are looking to make your own sushi you can get it here.

Ina Stavri

Great place for fresh fish. High quality of choices and great service.

Brock Whalley

They carry an excellent variety of fresh fish and seafood. The owners are friendly and knowledgeable. I am thrilled to have such a great market in the neighbourhood. I cannot recommend this place high enough! If you enjoy seafood, this should be your go to place!

Issiaka K

good quality fish, lots of variety, very kind

Jujube Rat

I love this store! The owners are at the counter every day, greeting customers with a smile & the freshest, high quality fish you can purchase!! A lot of local and/or organic options. The store is clean & bright and the display counters are also filled with the best side dish options to go with the fish!

BHerlin

Organic Salmon here always good. Irish salmon so good.

Glen Moffat

Always great selection of extremely fresh fish

Lauren Bucci

Excellent fresh fish, always! Best place to buy in Bloor West Village.

Don Kress

Very good. We bought the fresh sole, crabcakes and smoked trout pate.

Jellykins Lane

Great west end fish monger

sean young

Amazing Fish ! Amazing People!

Nicky Saldanha

Very high quality and the couple who owns it are so nice and helpful! Definitely recommend

Lindsay Robertson

New owners are really friendly and helpful

Leo Miranda

I don't have words to describe this place. It is just perfect. The owners are amazing people providing excellent service with fresh products. I'm glad to have them on my grocery store list.

Yayoi

I mainly eat fish and It was a first time to visit to snappers. The owner, she was so nice and friendly, answered all my questions like how fresh those fish are etc.. I love to go back with my friends next time :)

Lina Landivar

Great

Joseph Zettler

Clean place with super friendly owners! They took the time to help me with figuring out new ways of preparing my fish. Honest, local fish monger. Get there before the line starts!

Christine Young

Amazing store with great quality fresh fish and a variety of products. The owners are very kind.

Frank Jr. Balla

Excellent quality and wonderful customer service. Also good variety. Keep it local!!

Brian Lee

This shop was recommended to me by my very good friend GEROGE!!!!! I asked him where I could find some fresh never previously frozen seafood in preparation for a dinner party I was hosting for 10 pp. I am the founder and president of Cultured Cavemen brand under which I organize Supper Club for 10 people. I prepare a 5 course meat with wine pairing and open bar for my clients/guests. I have worked at Oliver’s Steak house in Oakville, 17 Steakhouse on Dixie, Ancaster Mill and most recently Landon Hall in Cambridge in the front of the house. Having said that I have become a good chef as I have a passion for it and love to eat GREAT food that my chefs have prepared over the years in the restaurants I’ve worked in but cannot afford to do so on a regular basis. I am a student of alcohol and have an M.Sc. in Alcohology. I was tutored by my fraternity brother Jeff B who have an PhD. In the field. I visited this establishment last Saturday morning looking for fresh fish as my 4th course of the dinner that night. I didn’t make any plans for the recipe because I wanted to adapt it to whatever was the freshest fist I could find. The fishmonger/owner recommended the organic Irish salmon. The menu for the evening was: 1. Tradition Russian smoked fish and Arminian Cheese selection. Vodka and Arminian wine paring. 2. Scallops and shrimp dish. Paired with what I know will be a fabulous wine – THIS COURSE WAS CANCELLED. 3. Sous vide beef topped with Unni. Paired with a delicious sake. 4. Pan seared and oven roasted salmon with asparagus and Japanese rice topped with a eggplant & mushroom vodka miso sauce paired a Maison Roche de Bellene Vieilles Vignes Bourgogne – Chardonnay 2017 which was recommended by my friend Nicholas Pearce the importer and distributor. 5. Pan seared beef presented on a bed of seasonal vegetables. Paired with a big bold Spanish red, that presents a wealth of ripe and rich dark plums and berries with a fresh, smooth, fine palate that has a sleek texture and great depth. The evening menu was a hit and all my guest devoured the food and enjoyed the almost perfect pairing prepared by the 5 chefs. I thank the owners (husband/wife) I didn’t get their names for the recommendation and the outstanding products that they offer to the community and their clients. Signing off for now. Yi Bum Sik aka Brian Instagram @iamyibumsik

Atlanticview Cape Town

Stayed with friends in Toronto and they took us along to Snappers when out shopping. Best Fresh Fish variety and friendly staff. Amazing crab cakes! best I have ever eaten! If you like fish then this is the place to buy it.

Damien Rabier

Limited selection but all the main products you could expect from a fish shop are available. Been there few times and the quality has always been tip-top. Home made crab cakes are one of my favourites alongside the baby scallops. The owners working there (husband and wife) are lovely and both speak French.

Michael Ramsey

Great fish market. Always nice fish available.

Ezgi Cokuysal

I used to shop here but somehow I switched to another fish store. When I read the reviews and learned about the new owners, I visited couple weeks ago and they are more than what have been told. Fish is truly fresh and yes, they have a big smile! Hope they stand during pandemic and don't go anywhere.

Chris Girard

Went in today for the first time and got a lousy vibe from the lady helping me. With those prices, I expect better service. A shame as I live in the neighborhood, but oh well.

GRAHAM FLITT

Best place for fresh fish in the neighborhood

Naveen Besai

Good local fish market. Good people, fair prices.

Kersti Kahar

Top quality, always fresh, friendly service.

Andre Benoit

I've always shopped here. I really like the new owners.

Ravi Mohan

Lots of fresh seafood choices. Friendly and knowledgeable staff. Awesome crab cakes.

Ellie Joy P.

Great diversity of fresh fish and other fish related products, but definitely not cheap.

Cedric Hamburger

great fish, friendly staff!

Gilbert Dufour

Thank you very much it was really good TUNA for hours Christmas dinner DUFOUR/TOWNSEND First Avocado/ spicy yogurt tuna Tartare Second tuna Tataki with warm salade and pomme frites because of you

Alvia Giash

Great collection of fresh fish and seafood, friendly staff.

Rob Brown

Amazing service. Our local go-to for high quality fresh fish and seafood. Photo is of our homemade Sushi platter spread courtesy of Snappers fresh tuna and salmon.

Andrea Kaudelka

Friendly, helpful, and super fresh fish. Definately a place to come back to over and over again! They had great suggestions for a menu and recipe ideas. Highly recommended!

Carissa Wallace

Was just here today! I just finished my meal. I don’t usually write reviews but the staff was so friendly and my fish was above anything I’ve ever had. It’s out of my way, but I’ll be making the drive and only purchasing fish from here from now on!

Luke Cattet

I recently purchased 2 beautiful red snappers and a sea bream from Snappers. As much as I appreciate the quality of the fish, I was even more blown away by the expertise, selection, cleanliness and service provided. I am glad to support this place not only because it is local, but because in my opinion, there is nowhere better. Byen fè, felisitasyon!

Mardi Tindal

Great service and excellent food

Pierre Toupin

Everything very fresh. Good selection.

Robert Martin

My favorite fish mongers, these 2 know their stuff, are helpful have great quality fish and seafood along with other related hard to find items. I've never been disappointed, you won't be either.

Maria Consuegra

Amazing Selection and Great Customer Service I Love how everything is laid out Oh my God from the moment that I walked into Snappers Fish Market I knew this was going to be a great experience I grab some mussels, I grab some salmon, shrimp and a lemon & herb aioli to take home!

K. P

The go to fish store for quality fish in bloor west. Ella and Eddie are super friendly and knowledgeable. I fully recommend stopping in and grabbing some fresh fish.

Pawel Zelawski

Great fish ! Premium quality. FRESH !

Lauren Balloch

Excellent range of fish and seafood, helpful advice and the kindest couple who run Snappers. Helped with my mackerel baby!

Dave Shearon

Friendly staff

Mend Stern

Great selection friendly staff.

Russ Brander

Gentleman behind counter has very little personality which makes for a lousy shopping experience...recommend Starskys for seafood shopping instead

Steve Radewych

Always a great fresh selection.

Jermaine L. Murray

Best Salmon ive ever had in my life has been from here.

david mejia

A great place with an amazing fresh fish

Rita Forman

I have shopped here for years--heading there in 5 min. , and was just checking what time they open today. Fantastic quality, very good advice re cooking, and always have what I want. Can't recommend enough!!!

tomas hruska

Fresh, good selection of fish, and friendly staff. Just cooked a halibut I bought earlier today - DELICIOUS!

LPC Cocteau

Such a great neighborhood mainstay. Great service and fresh fish.

Poorya Ferdowsi

The owners are very helpful in case you have any questions. So do not hesitate to ask. I bought steak tuna and they cut it fir me right there. It is a very friendly and a cute local fish market. I will visit them more often now on.

Dima Ilchuk

This is a great local store to get a seafood and fish for last 4 years. Always fresh and delicious. These guys always provide a great service, using a clean and natural bags to cover products, also I had an opportunity to bring my own glass containers and leave them to pickup later my fresh cooling order. Truly recommended you this local store. This is my European family. I love Canada due to this kind of diversity. Dima

reza SN

I feel really lucky that we have Snappers Fish Market in out neighbourhood. This is what truly means "local business". Good quality seafood. Extremely friendly staff. Very informative and helpful when it comes to select the right product. I have never left that store disappointed. Highly recommended.

The Chef

My neighborhood place to go to.

Ingo Holzinger

Great shop run by great people. The seafood is fresh and high quality. The shopkeepers are super friendly and clearly care about the customers and the quality of their products.

David Ross

Best fish market for a long way.

Sonja Zigic

Wonderful place to get grade A+ fresh fish like sushi tuna; salmon; swordfish (my favourite); great trout pate; when ever I got fish from this place it was excellent. You just can’t make a wrong choice while here.????

Tbone MacKay

I shopped here 3+ years ago for a long time, when I lived in the neighborhood, and was pretty happy with the selection. Although I am not the most discriminating. Would love to hear more from new owners on their journey.

Aimarí León

The products are fresh and the service is excellent.

Diana Su

4* Quality and Service - Very warm and friendly environment. They have a lot of items you wouldn't normally get at every fish store, like sushi grade salmon and tuna. We got the sushi grade fish and the cut itself was not done properly but it was really fresh and had great texture and taste! 3* For the window display which seemed a neglected and could use a little clean up - very dusty. You have beautiful unique items that could use some love and attention! Only noticed because I was standing outside in line for a while. Just leaves me wondering if the interior gets as much attention as the display. 3.5* overall EDIT: IM SORRY YOU TOOK THE COMMENT THAT WAY, PLEASE RE-READ. I ABSOLUTELY LOVED THE FISH AND ALL YOUR BUSINESS HAS TO OFFER. YOU WILL DEFINITELY HAVE MY BUSINESS IN THE FUTURE AND I DO RECOMMEND YOU. NOTES FOR YOU: - I DID NOT COMPLAIN ABOUT WAITING IN LINE - I DID NOT SAY THAT YOU HAD A DIRTY PLACE - I DID NOT TREAT YOUR BUSINESS UNFAIRLY - I DID NOT COMPLAIN ABOUT YOUR PRODUCT, QUALITY OR SERVICE - I ONLY SUGGESTED THAT THE DISPLAY NEEDS SOME LOVE AND CARE

Bryan Thompson

Selection is fine. Clientele tends to be elderly so expect a slow line.

Bradley Libralesso

Great high quality fish selection

Douglas Tindal

Great neighborhood fish store, very good selection of fresh and frozen fish, friendly, knowledgeable owners.

Ron Hartwell

Great fish monger in Bloor West village

Olga Palatnik

Wonderful friendly and knowledgeable owners. Great fresh fish selection.

earmata

The fish is always fresh and the owners are always so helpful!

Mark Oleniuk

It was our first visit to snappers on a recommendation from friends/family, and we weren't disappointed. They have an excellent selection of fish and seafood, and the quality was superb. We will definitely be back for more! Be sure to get there early on weekends tho, as the lineups can get long.

Richard

Fresh fish cut to size needed. Good assortment.

David McPherson

Excellent customer service, excellent quality fish, excellent selection of fish.

Ray Stass

Great service and fresh fish. The trout was delicious ????

Sonya Gabbana

Snappers has been a BWV institution for over 20yrs. The owners are fantastic - always friendly and offering up great recipes!! The seafood selection is great, always fresh and so tasty! Snappers is definitely a gem in Bloor West Village!

Cody MacRae

Always great Advice! Best Fish in Toronto!!! Made sure I didn't get too many fish for what I needed!

Shawn Cooper

Snappers is now owned my new owners. They are the people that originally supplied snappers all of their product for all these years. So obviously they have the best stuff. The smoked salmon is the best I've had in the city. they're reasonably priced and extremely fresh. The new owners are a lovely couple who have taken a chance on themselves to open up their own business. Let's support them! We need to support independent retailers.I'm in the food and beverage industry and know how difficult and challenging this business can be. They always have a smile and are professional ,courteous and super nice. And their product is awesome!

Tal Bevan

Great selection - great service - great staff!

Robert Geller

The best fish shop in Toronto. Fresh, flavourful and with great customer service. Eddie and Elli are gems.

Danielle Rainey

Great establishment and I trust the staff working here, they always check the quality of the meat before selling, would highly recommend.

Geoffrey Bowie

Great fresh fish and service!

Samantha Wood

Not all fish are the same and not everyone has a respect for what they put out there. These guys know their fish, are responsible about sourcing and super friendly and helpful… fish does not taste fishy if you get my drift.

Greg White

Great fish

Denise Mahfouz

This is the best fish store!!!!! The freshest fish not to mention Eddie and Ellie are amazing to deal with !!!! I also want to say THANK YOU so mush for staying open during this virus you are putting yourselves in harmsway to feed us.....we all really appreciate it you are heros!!!!!

Adam Cooper

The couple running this market are wonderful and the fish is amazing. Highly recommended.

Charissa C

My husband and I checked out Snappers Fish Market when we were walking around the neighbourhood. We are so glad that we went inside because Snappers is now our go to fishmonger in the community! Their seafood is fresh and the owners are friendly and helpful. We recommend their sushi grade salmon!

Fraser Nuttall

Nice people here! Decent selection of seafood but of particular note is the sushi grade tuna much cheaper than st Lawrence market. Not something you can find everywhere.

Maryann W

Amazing sushi grade fish for an amazing price ! Going to be a summer staple for me !

Steve Birtch

Our lobsters were very fresh. The service was friendly and helpful.

Peter Ho

Super friendly and helpful staff. My new goto place for seafood.

Deepali

My first visit.. welcoming and helpful! Great and authentic recommendations and well fresh and good fish!

Allister and Isabell Dyke

Great service. The owners were very accommodating and the fish looks great

Barbara L

Called in the morning and got my 2 snappers and then massive king fish...and cod. All delicious! Thank you.

M Ddz

Great oysters!! but the owner needs to drop the bad attitude. Very unnecessary and it takes away from the business

The Potty Outlet

I came down from Barrie and finally meet someone who knows their fish! the Tuna was amazing. you can tell they keep their product very fresh! Thank you Ed I appreciate all your help and knowledge! Next time i'm in town I will get more Scallops!

Jj Dd

Excellent fresh fish market for local shopping. Great variety. A bit pricey.

Dianne T

I ordered lobster for Christmas eve and had been quoted a price of $18 per 1-1.5 pound lobster. When I picked up my order they wanted to charge over $35 per lobster! Dishonest and taking advantage of customers is NOT impressive. Eventually the owner backed down by knocking of $15 off the total but it was still way more than the original price quoted. I will never go back to this store.

Ben Miclette

Highly recommend this place, such a friendly couple, and amazing fish selection.

Gabriela Santander

Excellent service and products!!! Love it!

Julia Sinelnikov

Service is much better than it is used to be . I must say that everything is very fresh..Now with new owners it's really a pleasure to come to the store

Andrew Furgiuele

I really love this place. The owners are friendly and helpful. The selection is very good. A perfect neighborhood fish store.

Antonietta Romao

Very friendly staff. Super clean. Fresh and affordable.

Rachel Zersovski

The best fish in town!!!

Javier

Fresh fish and shrimps, plus sauces, frozen seafood; very polite, friendly service, good prices, very clean and orderly. Highly recommended.

Bart Leung

Great selection of fresh seafood. Lovely owners.

Kyle Robinson

It's a great place to get high end fish. It's a little pricey for my blood but that I'm no way reflects or represents the quality of work and service they provide. People are usually lined up to get in on Fridays and weekends.

Jolita Krumins-Horvat

I was impressed! First time I've been here in years and I really like the new owners. My mouth was watering after hearing about serving suggestions and ideas for my smoked fish. Thank you, I'll be back for sure.

Alexander Shaw

Great seafood, nice people.

K McK

The only place I go for fish! The owners are great people - knowledgeable, friendly and always happy to give menu ideas, recommendations and cooking suggestions. Fish is fresh and they always have a great variety - prices are good too! Highly recommend.

Sam Rosiek

Couldn’t possibly give less than 5 stars. I recommend this store to everyone I know looking for fresh fish. I used to come here years ago but stopped as I didn’t feel my business was appreciated. The new owners are great. Friendly, knowledgeable and very accommodating. If you don’t find what you want they either get it in or have great recommendations for alternatives. I go in maybe once a week and always have a nice little chat with the wife. Fish is extremely fresh. Support local. ❤️

Andrew Couvrette

Fresh delicious seafood and friendly service

Casey K

I am someone who cooks a lot and takes food very seriously. I am also someone who very rarely posts reviews. I post here today to say that Snappers is, hands down, the best fishmonger I have ever visited in any city or any country in the world. Perfect fish, fantastic service, and pride of ownership. I wish all markets were like this one.

Farzin Parhizgar

In a business where freshness and quality matter Snappers does it best on Bloor West. Thank you.

Julian Richard

I normally do not write reviews but felt like I had to, I had the best experience inside the store, the owners were very friendly and recommended some good recipes to use for my salmon and on top of that the fish was delicious and the store had a very nice and calming atmosphere to it, not to mention for a fish store it smells very nice, Overall 10/10.

Mrtn Reid

Great selection and the quality is amazing.

Karen Killeen

I buy fish weekly and have been coming to Snappers in Bloor West for years. Ownership changed a year ago and now I can't say enough about this store and the new owners, Eli & Eddy. Simply put, it is the best fish market in the city. Product is always fresh and always top quality. They won't sell it if it isn't. Special orders and standing orders are no trouble and service is personal, timely and with a smile. It is my go-to fish market in all of Toronto. Thank goodness I live in the West End!

Roland Frederick Andrade

One of the hidden gems of the Bloor West Village. Tucked away a little of the main beat on Durie st. It is now owned and operated by a delightful couple Eddy and Ally, with occasional help from their two strapping tall ( like their dad) sons. Their fish is always fresh and first rate, demonstrated by the sushi grade tuna. Good stock of wild caught salmon and trout varieties,with cods,snappers,halibut,monk,tilapia and i willnot list them all. You will have to go see ???? for yourselves ????What is not there in an extensive selection, is by far made up for by the great friendly service. With real engagement even in casual conversation. I am yet to walk away without a smile on my face ???? and a good feeling in my heart ❤.

Ashley Chin

Good selection, but customer service leaves much to be desired. As with other reviewers, I find the shopping experience could be improved on.

Janice Colley

Very fresh fish & friendly staff

Yasemin Aydin

Amazingly fresh fish, served with a smile, from the best mom and pop shop in Bloor West Village! I have bought sushi grade salmon here weekly for ages, always filleted in front of my eyes, ultra fresh. Our dinners from Snappers are always a huge treat for me and my family. I can't go back to frozen fish!

J Hyatt

I go here every week and order stuff. Me and my kids LOVE the quality of the fish here and the couple that run it are super friendly and amazing at what they do. Won’t buy seafood anywhere else.

Evelyn Voaden

I just looked in the window. But it looks good from outside!

Lorna Murphy

Snappers is under new management. The fish is fresh and beautiful. The service and kindness of the new owners is excellent! They are informative, accommodating and very interested in ensuring 100% service. With these new owners this has become a weekly visit for me. Thankful I no longer have to drive to get fresh fish.

Brandon Davies

If you’re looking for fresh seafood in BWV look no further. Never disappoints.

Mitchell Janeco

Great selection, great prices, amazing service

johannes Silva

I want to start by saying that I absolutely love this place. The owners, Elie and Eddy are simply amazing. On my late night runs, I often see them cleaning which I appreciate more than you know. Thank you guys for everything you do for your customers.

Daniel Pannozzo

Belligerent shop owner needs a lesson in service. Highly recommended not shopping here.

Stephen Lennie

Great selection of fish and spices.

Douglas LaForme

Great! Xmas eve day in the rain, they treated us all well under terrible circumstances. Highly reccomend

Magdelena Belanger

Really helpful and friendly

Tara Laurel

I live in Vaughan and was referred to Snapper Fish Market by my pescatarian friend who is a regular customer. I was hesitant because of the distance from Vaughan to Toronto but I am so thankful I decided to try the experience. WOW!!! The atmosphere from the staff the moment you walk in is warm and welcoming. They are polite and helpful. Grade A quality fish.Very clean and amazed that even though it is a fish market that it barely had that fishy smell. Loved the variety and display. This is DEFINITELY my new go to place every week!!!! 5 + STARS ***** Kudos Snapper Fish Market! Please excuse me but I have to say comment about the negative review I read by DIANA SU who I am almost 100% sure is a blogger based on her miserable review that stands out the most with all of her “CAPS” font. There is a lot going on the world right now especially with Covid. Business’ are struggling to survive yet you can to be so cruel?!! Not sure where YOU visited or what you are trying to accomplish with such a false and foul review but I am sure myself, all the other customers as well as all people that left reviews can contest your disgusting review. You should be ASHAMED of yourself!!!! Don’t be a “Karen” or a “Negative Nancy” during these hard times as it is SOOOOO much easier to be kind!

Sam Shams

Best sushi grade tuna steak in Toronto. We usually come by every Saturday to pick some up. The owners behind the counter are really nice and helpful. Everything in the store looks appealing. Glad they are there

J Martin

Fresh fish and friendly staff. Our "go to" local fishmonger.

Susan Fenwick

Last night I had the most amazing organic salmon from Snappers Fish Market. The owners are very knowledgable friendly... it's always a pleasure to shop there and the fish/seafood is always excellent. During lockdown, earlier this year, our family relied on Snappers. The 'new-ish' owners (over one year now) are a wonderful addition to the Bloor West shops.

theclaytonhoffman

Had exactly what I needed

Mark S

Great place for fresh and sushi-grade fish.

Grace Bufano

knowledgeable, polite and great selection. opens at 10am which is a little late for me but worth the wait.

Nicola Ishaq

We bought Iceland Cod today and it was really amazing, thank you Snappers for the recipe

Dave H

Not friendly... didn't say thank you... felt like I inconvenienced her when I asked which were wild... she then listed them off quickly with attitude... will not go back... hooked on dundas is way better.. friendlier and they give recipes too...

Bel Sz

The couple who run this fish market are always happy to chat, share recipe ideas and answer any questions I may have. There's a good selection of fresh and frozen fish and seafood and always fresh.

J

My absolute favourite shop on Bloor. The food is fresh and high end and only surpassed by the wonderful owners who are incredibly friendly and caring. I recommend highly! Justin

Walter Kudla

Great service, fresh product. But best of all GREAT PEOPLE!!!!

Brigitte Youngberg

Very friendly and welcoming. Bilingual and interested.

Davide

Great family run business. This is the place I come to get all my fresh fish.

Erica Meagher

Helpful and friendly owners, amazing fresh fish with lots of variety. If you need seafood or have questions about what to do with it, this is the place! Wouldn’t go anywhere else. These amazing people worked crazy hours without breaks over the holidays so everyone would get what they needed.